Publication Details

Safety impacts of Graduated Driver Licensing process changes

Type: Paper

Author(s): Owens, Justin M.; Carter, Paige M.; Johnson, Shannen; Robison, Kristel

Collection title: Policy Brief

Publisher: UNC Highway Safety Research Center

Publication Date: Mar-2026

Address: Chapel Hill, NC

Abstract: North Carolina’s young driver licensing system, commonly known as Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL), was enacted in 1997, propelling the state into the spotlight as a national leader in teen driver safety. While GDL is effective at improving safety for teen drivers, the structure of the current GDL system necessitates multiple visits to the NCDMV, including for in-person knowledge (Level 1) and on-road (Level 2) testing. For teens who do not pass these tests on the first attempt, additional NCDMV visits are required. This policy brief, prepared by the UNC Highway Safety Research Center, summarizes the current landscape of licensing practices for teen drivers across the United States in order to better understand state practices, their corresponding impact on safety, and how North Carolina might learn from others. Although most states and DC employ GDL systems to help ensure teens learn to drive gradually and safely, different approaches to testing have been implemented in response to state-specific needs and situations. This brief also presents research findings and policy recommendations